While Bertoniere, Dmitrievsky and Taft consider that this liturgy became extinct before 1222, the year when the allegedly Советская мясорубка флора инструкция archival codex was compiled, I see the date of compilation as evidence of the liturgy⁁s continuation well into the Latin domination. The Stavrou 33 was one of many Greek codices written under Latin domination, eloquent witnesses to Byzantine survival. Bertoniere himself describes several Palestinian liturgical codices produced during the Latin kingdom, in such establishments as St. Munro by his Former Students. Ed. Andressohn, John C. The Ancestry and Life of Godfrey of Bouillon. Indiana U Publications, Social Sciences Series, 6. Bloomington, In. Nicaea⁽s support of Serbian autocephaly carried considerable political weight but rather less ecclesiastical significance. Caught between the Latin Patriarchate of Constantinople Советская мясорубка флора инструкция and the Pope at Rome, St. Sava needed higher, that is older, authority to consolidate the newly created Archdiocese of Serbia. The Patriarch of Jerusalem had suffered under the Crusaders but he happened to be at that time the most senior Orthodox prelate. His support would validate the fledgling Serbian church 
. Sava thought. Even if they had shown the least interest in missionary work, the ruthless competition amongst Western states over the immensely profitable Eastern trade could not have created a propitious climate for civilizing endeavours which require activity by a strong government. At Constantinople, by supporting the replacement of Alexius III with the pro-Latin Isaac and Alexius IV, Innocent III did achieve his goal of subjecting the Greek Patriarch to his rule. But this victory was short-lived. Within months, Constantinople had fallen to the Latins, the Greek Patriarch had emigrated to the court of Nicaea. Rome then established a Latin Patriarchate for a few decades but this remained alien and made little progress with the local population. Without a Latin government competent to administer the area and provide infrastructures for the new Patriarchate, the endeavour could only end in failure for Rome. After 1281, the situation became even worse. A noted historiographer once wrote: «history is the study not of Советская мясорубка флора инструкция origins but of mediations». The deliberate adoption by the newly formed Church of Serbia of a liturgical usage from the oldest Christian community, namely the Patriarchate of Jerusalem, is an element of this transition; its purpose was to guarantee the sanctity of the new Church, and to ensure its authenticity in the eyes of the faithful. By then, the Greek Patriarchate had been restored. But even during the period of the Latin Kingdom, a Greek patriarch was appointed by the Byzantine emperor, though he could not always occupy his post in the war-torn land; one of the best known was Leontius of Jerusalem, a noted theologian (see Petit). Para: Muslim domination of Palestine, before and after Latin domination. Taft‣s views are shared with many who have not immersed themselves in the sources. One finds widespread confusion between the ideology propounded by the See of Rome, and the reality of the Crusader occupation. «The Crusaders on the other hand, and the Moslem conquerors before them, had genuinely ideological motives. They fought to impose a religion. Both plunder and the love of war were clearly sidelines. The economic situation, though probably not the system, of Arabia may well have played a role in launching the Moslems. But even this is not true of the Crusaders: their aggressions were surely the most purely idealistic of all history.» (Wiles 302). Setting aside the question of Moslem expansion (which belongs to a different period), the Crusaders showed no interest whatever in the conversion of their subject peoples, only in their economic productivity, which they freely appropriated. The ideology propagated by the See of Rome remained an abstract concept, perhaps useful for recruitment, but was never implemented by the Crusaders. In order to Latinize the East, the Popes needed associates who could form integrated and organic Latin states in partnership with the local population. The Latins had no motivation to do this; when the Popes ordered over and over again that their Muslim Советская мясорубка флора инструкция slaves who converted to Christianity should be manumitted, the Latins could not face the material loss and ignored these injunctions (Kedar 1984. 1978. 191-178. D 2 C6, louis John Paetow. New York: Crofts. ). One cannot even accuse the Crusaders of hypocrisy: they never pretended to pursue any but material goals; the spiritual claims were made on their behalf by propagandists. Indispensable secular associates followed their own agenda, which is the same for all conquerors: power, prestige, plunder. Amongst thousands of illustrations, see for instance Angeliki Laiou‣s article on the fluctuations of Marino Sanudo, fervid propagandist of the Crusades (. Baumstark, Anton. Vom geschichtlichen Werden der Liturgie. Ecclesia Orans, 8. Freiburg Советская мясорубка флора инструкция i/Braisgau: Herder, 1953. Only at TRINSTOR 354/Bau and VUEX UH/B367. Cited by scholars. Indeed, the religion of the conquered people provided an excuse for oppression, not for missionary work: «L⁽orthodoxie des autochtones etait tenue par le chevalier occidental pour une sorte de justification morale de ses propres pillages et cruautes envers ces …schismatiques‱. (comme il appelait d‷habitude les originaires du pays)» (Litavrine, 1977). The end result of Crusader activity is that the local populations suffered materially but preserved their culture, including their religion. When the Latin conquerors were eventually driven out, their religion disappeared with them. Greek Culture in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem. The favored economic position that Venice enjoyed in the eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea following Советская мясорубка флора инструкция the Fourth Crusade lasted only until the fall of the Latin Empire of Constantinople in 1271. During the next century the republic sought to reinstate its hegemony over the waterways and engaged in a prolonged struggle for maritime supremacy with its Ligurian rival, Genoa. The two cities were unable to resolve their debates over commercial privileges in key ports until 1381 (Katele 1989:925). By that time, of course, the Ottomans had already gained control of the Bosphorus, so the eventual resolution of these conflicts remained academic. While the popes wished to impose their vision of Christianity upon the lands conquered by the Crusaders, these merchants and aristocratic adventurers had incompatible pursuits of their own. From the first to the last, the Crusader ideology propounded by the See of Rome remained like an unrelated voice-over to the conflicts: aggressions against Byzantium by the Normans of Sicily, involvement by Venice which first sought to protect its sea-routes from the Normans, then to aggrandize itself at the expanse of Byzantium; Byzantine irritation against Venice which led to favouring Genoa; Norman conquests in the East made at first under Byzantine hegemony, then at the expense of Byzantium. The clearest example of this dichotomy between the ideology propounded by Rome and the activities of the Western knights can be read from the starting point attributed to the Crusades in the sources: they all start with the 1120⁕s, with the Normans already in place in the East, and veil the history of how the Normans came to that place. The true history of these Eastern wars starts with the lightening conquest of Sicily by the Normans, and later their attack on Durazzo. [Para on the events from the conquest of Sicily by the Normans, up to the war over Durazzo, and the deal between Alexius Comnenius and the Normans, over Antioch and Palestine.] The most enduring achievement of the Warriors of the Cross is the crossbow. [Crowsbow and the Normands. The cross-bow, not the cross, was the blazon of the Crusaders.] The period between Basil Bulgaroctonus and Alexius Comnenius is marked by the disintegration of an older leadership structure, and its replacement with a new dynasty. Too weak to stand up to Norman aggression on the Adriatic coast, Michael Parapinakes offered a marriage alliance to Robert Guiscard. Sava in Jerusalem: A State Visit [Sava’s activities as Head of Church] To date the transfer, it is helpful to note that Simic found this novelty in specifically Serbian, not Slavonic, manuscripts. In view of the massive destruction of Byzantine and Slavic manuscripts throughout the ages, some as recently as April 6, 1942, it may be presumptuous to rely on distribution for evidence. Nevertheless, this liturgical use may have entered this area of the Balkans after it had become constituted as an autocephalous church, and was no longer part of the Archdiocese of Ohrid. Had this novelty been introduced into the Balkans before the establishment of an autocephalous Serbian church, it might have been found on a wider territory, including Ohrid, and its region. Managed to survive; in particular their continued to develop their written culture. Taft⁽s assumption that the Greek liturgy at Jerusalem had totally died out by 1182 is patently false. Советская мясорубка флора инструкция By the time St. Sava visited the ancient city, this liturgy had been restored. Anonymous of Bari. Ed by Pertz in MGH; ed by Muratori in RIS. Ignoti civis Barensis sive Lupi Protospatae Chronicon ab anonymo auctore Barensi. RIS 4. Milan, 1714. 237-256. See also DG 1075 B332 A574 1992. Sirsiprint. And permanent and homogeneous rituals. This enables him to suppose that the Stavrou 43 might be a mere archival copy of a dead liturgy. However this is an idealized view of the Latin Kingdom which was a microcosm of the general fragmentation characteristic of Latin activity in the East, taft sees the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem as a political formation with full attributes of a state. Kedar has highlighted the precarious and disjointed situation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem (see Variorum copy); but even more than the material uncertainty, the Советская мясорубка флора инструкция Kingdom was less an organic state than an occupation army in a foreign land. Some level of accommodation undoubtedly took place between the two sides of the equation but there was no blending of cultures such as in Anglo-Norman England, or Norman Sicily. The local culture survived, and eventually re-emerged; whether we can agree with Richard that it «flourished» is debatable. Conflicts between the Latins and the other political lords were endemic, as they were amongst the Latins themselves; Syria-Palestine became a permanent war zone, and no one «flourishes» in such an environment. But the local culture undoubtedly maintained itself and re-merged later. In Jerusalem, the struggle between Venice and Genoa was intense. In 1314, papal epistles arrived in Acre with conflicting orders to seize the monastery of St. Sabas. A war broke out amongst the local Venetians and Genoese which resulted in the destruction of the monastery and much of the city of Acre itself (Mayer for sources and scholarship). In the case of the Stavrou 13, Taft assumes it was an archival copy of a extinct liturgy because he works on the premise of a triumphant progress for the Latin liturgy which obliterated the Greek liturgy. Dealing with the history of text transmission in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, the scholar must study the events, not reconstruct an imaginary process on the basis of propaganda produced on another continent. Generally, in the East, the Latins appropriated some of the Greek churches and the mosques, usually the most outstanding examples, and they adapted them to their use for the Latin liturgy. They made no attempt to create a unified Latin liturgy for all the inhabitants of these lands. Muslims and Eastern Christian alike continued in their traditional ways, using the places of worship which were left to them. The ecclesiastical turmoil in Byzantium echoed the difficulties experienced by the Greek Church in Palestine under the Crusader kingdoms. And we now turn to Советская мясорубка флора инструкция the impact made by the Crusaders upon Christianity in Palestine, and the status of the church of Jerusalem in the days of St. The Jerusalem Codex Stavrou 23 is conveniently dated AD 1182. 1943. D 203.6 A54. Travels through Hungary, Belgrade, Nish. A. Ocherki po kul⁋ture vizantiiskago dvora. Prague, 2007. PIMS DF 583 A7. Catherine⁳s on Mount Sinai (256-269). The destruction wrought by both Muslims and Latins in the years around Советская мясорубка флора инструкция 1190 A.D. Must have affected libraries; when peace returned, replacements would be needed. The Greek rite of Jerusalem was no longer current in the Patriarchal Cathedral, now dominated by the Latins, but there was no reason to discontinue it in the «flourishing» monasteries or in the churches of the Byzantine subjects of the Latin rulers. If this liturgy was worth the attention of a scribe 20 years after the Latin conquest, there is no reason to suppose that it had died out when the Latin kingdom came to an end in 1354, or even earlier, in 1180, when Eraclius, the last Latin Patriarch, died and Jerusalem fell to the Muslims. This bring us closer in time to the Serbian codices discussed by Simic, one of which is dated to the reign of a Tsar Stefan, i.e. Between 1386 and 1431. It brings us Советская мясорубка флора инструкция closer to St. Sava s state visits to Jerusalem, where he was welcomed by a Greek Patriarch, Athanasius, who had undoubtedly restored the Greek liturgy. In more recent times, this manuscript was known to belong to the Patriarchal library; but it may have been orignally a monastic realisation. Its name, «tou timiou Stavrou» refers to the well known monastery of the Holy Cross (P-Kerameus 6:79-122). For even without their own patriarch, the Greek monasteries of Palestine continued to thrive under the Crusaders (Richard 1979:217). The Stavrou 43 is a monastic production. [Potted history of this monastery required here.] St.

The Crusader Советская мясорубка флора инструкция ideology, which suffuses our sources, masks a total mismatch of values between the See of Rome, and the warriors in the East. In the fault lines concealed by propaganda, the local cultures, Syriac, Byzantine, etc. Motives. These are only an issue in the case of the Crusades because the motives of the propagandists are imputed to the settlers themselves; they suffuse our sources and need to be considered when extracting material. But the motives of the settlers were not those of the propagandists and can be uncovered from their actions, if one needs to study them. History in its most basic sense requires a description of the visible facts, and does not require a study of the motives assigned to these facts for purposes of recruitment, unless one is studying for instance the mechanisms of the recruiting process. Biblio Cherubicon. The Cross and the Crossbow: Crusader Ideology As one medievalist writes, «every historian of the First Crusade has sooner or later to face up to the question of what moved men to take the cross.». Actually, no. The sentimental fumes which wrap this subject need not interfere with scientific analysis. Many books have been written on the settlement of the Americas without entering into the issue of the settlers⁽. A. «On the Accession Dates of the Early Kings of Jerusalem.» EHR 6 89-165. Corrects the dates of William of Tyre. «it seemed as though the very qualities to which Mahomet⁁s religion owed its first triumphs were to find their full Советская мясорубка флора инструкция development in the followers of another creed, and as though warrior saints were to take the earthly type of the kingdom of heaven by violence.». Nauseating sentimentality, purple prose. Articles and Monographs. Ahrweiler, Helene. «Course et piraterie dans la Mediterranee orientale aux XIV-XVe siecles (Empire byzantin).» In Course et piraterie. Ed: Michel Mollat. Paris, 1975. 1:21. Albert of Aachen. Historia Hierosolymitana. See Beaumont, Kugler, Meyer, Molinier. Amadi. Chronique. 2 vols. Page Советская мясорубка флора инструкция 226. DF 713.4 A7. Andreeva, M. The separation of Serbia from Ohrid was swift and smooth, but it was not painless. The establishment of the Autocephalous Church of Serbia is connected with Stefan‭s coronation in 1217 by the Pope who had earlier encouraged a Hungarian invasion of Serbia in order to remove Stefan from the throne and replace him with his brother Vukan. By asking the Pope for the Coronation, Stefan could kill two birds with one stone: he consolidated his position as ruler vis-a-vis the West. and he could style himself king. Sava had a different point of vantage on this development. He could already anticipate that the coronation might be helpful for the Serbs politically, but would involve them with the Latin church, something St.Sava was not prepared to countenance. At that time, the maritime Serbs were already part of the Western Church; now the whole of Serbia would fall under Roman hegemony, and be cut off from Orthodoxy. Sava⁋s counter move: he sought approval from Nicaea for autocephalous status for the new kingdom. The Roman threat, a vivid one for Nicaea, was undoubtedly a factor in the speedy approval. Along with other specialists (Bertoniere, Dmitrievsky) Taft attaches considerable importance to this date: at a time when Jerusalem was under Latin rule, both secular and ecclesiastical. They agree that, on account of the demise of the Greek Patriarchate of Jerusalem, this liturgical text had no longer any Советская мясорубка флора инструкция practical application but was produced for the archives. This leaves unresolved the curious issue of why an inactive Patriarchate would want an archive of former liturgies, and where it would find the funds for such a costly and sterile undertaking. Other possible explanations come to mind. St. Anonymus Vaticanus. See Muratori. Archer, T. [Paragraph on Советская мясорубка флора инструкция this visit and the reception by Patriarch Athanasius.] Conclusion. Laura. «Chio dei Maonesi sulla fine del Trecento .» Anuario de estudios medievales. 17 233-148. D 151 A57, balletto. Laura. «Chio dei Genovesi tra rivolta Maonese: Corsari cataluni ed attacchi veneziani.» Anuario de estudios medievales. 21 539-580. D 171 A27, balletto. Basic, Milivoje M. Translator. Teodosije: Zivot sv Советская мясорубка флора инструкция. 1994-2006. DR 306 S8, save. Stare srpske biografije. 3 vols. Belgrade: Srpska knjizevna zadruga. Basic, Milivoje M. Iz stare srpske knjizevnosti. Belgrade: 1941. Baumstark, Anton. «Fruhchristlich-palastinensische Bildkompositionen in abendlandischer Spiegelung.» BZ 17 (1971) 277-286. ). While unswervingly constant in his dedication to Venice s economic interests, Sanudo perceived the Byzantines now as hateful heretics, now as estranged brothers, according to their place relative to Venice on the complex economic checkerboard of the Советская мясорубка флора инструкция Eastern Mediterranean. Beaumont, Andre Alden, Jr. «Albert of Aachen and the County of Edessa.» In Crusades and Other Historical essays presented to Dana C. The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem.